In the late summer of 1999, there was an epidemic of encephalitis and meningitis in New York. To begin with, all the sufferers came from an eight square kilometer area centered on Queens and the Bronx.
Later, it spread further, although there were merely 59 cases and seven deaths - all in older people. 677 individuals were tested in the original survey, 19 of which tested positive for meningoencephalitis.
Going by the size of the population of New York, it was determined that between 3,500 and 13,000 people (average: 8,200) had been infected with West Nile virus. There were probably much more than that, but serious symptoms normally only show in the young and the old.
Those in the in-between age group almost certainly thought that they had a bad cold, which means that fewer than one percent of victims displayed severe neurological indications.
At first, it was wondered whether this outbreak could be the result of an act of terrorism, but others suspected mosquitoes. Investigation concentrated on St. Louis encephalitis. However, when it was thought to check for West Nile virus, the number of cases increased.
Later, it spread further, although there were merely 59 cases and seven deaths - all in older people. 677 individuals were tested in the original survey, 19 of which tested positive for meningoencephalitis.
Going by the size of the population of New York, it was determined that between 3,500 and 13,000 people (average: 8,200) had been infected with West Nile virus. There were probably much more than that, but serious symptoms normally only show in the young and the old.
Those in the in-between age group almost certainly thought that they had a bad cold, which means that fewer than one percent of victims displayed severe neurological indications.
At first, it was wondered whether this outbreak could be the result of an act of terrorism, but others suspected mosquitoes. Investigation concentrated on St. Louis encephalitis. However, when it was thought to check for West Nile virus, the number of cases increased.
The reason for the outbreak was soon confirmed to be a West Nile-like virus based on the identification of viral infection in human, avian, and mosquito samples.
This had not been expected because the New York outbreak was the first time that West Nile virus had been seen in the West.
Then recent bird deaths were remembered. Substantial numbers of wild birds, particularly crows, had died recently in the area and there were deaths at the Bronx Zoo of exotic birds as well.
Examination of the corpses of these birds showed traces of encephalitis which resembled West Nile virus (WNV). When doctors knew what to look for, they discovered comparable traits in the brains of the dead humans
The authorities instantly initiated widespread measures to reduce the population of Culex pipiens, the mosquito in the region that specializes in attacking birds. The public was informed and helplines were set up - by the end of September more than 150,000 calls had been made.
The local authorities continued to spray and handed out 300,000 aerosols of DEET and 750,000 public health leaflets, which recommended tidying up the backyard, not going out at dusk or dawn and covering up bare skin.
WNV is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus), which means that it is transmitted to humans by arthropods (insects), normally the tick or the mosquito. Previously, WNV had only been seen in Uganda, where it was first discovered and in isolated cases in Europe and South Africa.
A report concluded that it was "unclear whether the virus that caused this outbreak is a previously identified strain of WNV or a new variant", however now recent proof appears to suggest that a new mosquito - a hybrid of C. pipiens - living in the New York metro was to blame.
This is still not definite, but if it is the case, then the whole world ought to take care, because the New York 'hybrid' is related to the London Underground mosquito which inhabits nearly every underground railway station on the planet.
This had not been expected because the New York outbreak was the first time that West Nile virus had been seen in the West.
Then recent bird deaths were remembered. Substantial numbers of wild birds, particularly crows, had died recently in the area and there were deaths at the Bronx Zoo of exotic birds as well.
Examination of the corpses of these birds showed traces of encephalitis which resembled West Nile virus (WNV). When doctors knew what to look for, they discovered comparable traits in the brains of the dead humans
The authorities instantly initiated widespread measures to reduce the population of Culex pipiens, the mosquito in the region that specializes in attacking birds. The public was informed and helplines were set up - by the end of September more than 150,000 calls had been made.
The local authorities continued to spray and handed out 300,000 aerosols of DEET and 750,000 public health leaflets, which recommended tidying up the backyard, not going out at dusk or dawn and covering up bare skin.
WNV is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus), which means that it is transmitted to humans by arthropods (insects), normally the tick or the mosquito. Previously, WNV had only been seen in Uganda, where it was first discovered and in isolated cases in Europe and South Africa.
A report concluded that it was "unclear whether the virus that caused this outbreak is a previously identified strain of WNV or a new variant", however now recent proof appears to suggest that a new mosquito - a hybrid of C. pipiens - living in the New York metro was to blame.
This is still not definite, but if it is the case, then the whole world ought to take care, because the New York 'hybrid' is related to the London Underground mosquito which inhabits nearly every underground railway station on the planet.
The authorities instantly initiated widespread measures to reduce the population of Culex pipiens, the mosquito in the region that specializes in attacking birds. The public was informed and helplines were set up - by the end of September more than 150,000 calls had been made.
The local authorities continued to spray and handed out 300,000 aerosols of DEET and 750,000 public health leaflets, which recommended tidying up the backyard, not going out at dusk or dawn and covering up bare skin.
WNV is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus), which means that it is transmitted to humans by arthropods (insects), normally the tick or the mosquito. Previously, WNV had only been seen in Uganda, where it was first discovered and in isolated cases in Europe and South Africa.
A report concluded that it was "unclear whether the virus that caused this outbreak is a previously identified strain of WNV or a new variant", however now recent proof appears to suggest that a new mosquito - a hybrid of C. pipiens - living in the New York metro was to blame.
This is still not definite, but if it is the case, then the whole world ought to take care, because the New York 'hybrid' is related to the London Underground mosquito which inhabits nearly every underground railway station on the planet.
About the Author:
The local authorities continued to spray and handed out 300,000 aerosols of DEET and 750,000 public health leaflets, which recommended tidying up the backyard, not going out at dusk or dawn and covering up bare skin.
WNV is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus), which means that it is transmitted to humans by arthropods (insects), normally the tick or the mosquito. Previously, WNV had only been seen in Uganda, where it was first discovered and in isolated cases in Europe and South Africa.
A report concluded that it was "unclear whether the virus that caused this outbreak is a previously identified strain of WNV or a new variant", however now recent proof appears to suggest that a new mosquito - a hybrid of C. pipiens - living in the New York metro was to blame.
This is still not definite, but if it is the case, then the whole world ought to take care, because the New York 'hybrid' is related to the London Underground mosquito which inhabits nearly every underground railway station on the planet.
About the Author:
Owen Jones, the writer of this article writes on a number of topics, but is currently involved with finding a home remededy for mosquito bites. If you would like to know more, please go to our website at Getting Rid of Mosquito Bites.